Mpox, formerly known as monkeypox virus, was first identified in 1958 when outbreaks of a pox-like disease occurred in monkeys kept for research.
The first human case was recorded in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Since then, the disease has been endemic in several Central and Western African countries.
Mpox is caused by the Orthopoxvirus, which is related to the virus that causes smallpox. The disease primarily spreads through direct contact with an infected person’s bodily fluids, sores, or scabs.
It can also be transmitted from animals to humans, with rodents and non-human primates being potential reservoirs.
Historically, mpox was largely overlooked by the Western world until a significant outbreak in 2022-2023 led to widespread community transmission outside of Africa.
This outbreak prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare it a Public Health Emergency of International Concern in July 20223.
Table of Contents
Transmission of Monkeypox
Animal-to-Human Transmission
Close contact with infected animals, especially during hunting or handling of bush meat, can lead to transmission.
Human-to-Human Transmission
Once the virus makes its way into the human population, it doesn’t stop there.
Human-to-human transmission is possible through close contact with respiratory secretions, skin lesions, or bodily fluids of an infected person.
Symptoms and Clinical Presentation
Initial Symptoms
It starts off feeling like the flu. You might experience fever, headache, muscle aches, and fatigue.
Skin Lesions
A few days later, after the initial symptoms, skin lesions would appear. These start as small, flat spots that evolve into fluid-filled blisters.
They eventually crust over and fall off.
Diagnosis of Monkeypox
Diagnosing monkeypox isn’t as simple as looking at someone and saying, “Yep, that’s monkeypox!”
Doctors must consider the clinical presentation and patient history, as well as using laboratory tests to confirm it.
The Gold standard for Mpox diagnosis is PCR. Serology tests, which look for the presence of antibodies against mpox in the patient’s plasma, are unreliable because of cross-reactivity.
Monkeypox Treatment
Now for the million-dollar question: how do we treat monkeypox?
Well, here’s the thing – there’s no specific treatment for monkeypox. Most cases are mild and resolve on their own within a few weeks.
Treatment mainly focuses on managing symptoms and preventing complications. It’s like nursing a bad hangover but with more medical supervision.
Prevention Strategies
Vaccination
Prevention is better than cure, right? Well, good news! The smallpox vaccine has been shown to be about 85% effective in preventing monkeypox.
It’s like having an umbrella in a rainstorm – it might not keep you completely dry, but it helps!
Personal Protective Measures
Besides vaccination, personal hygiene and avoiding close contact with infected individuals or animals are always advised.
It’s like social distancing but with an extra caution of “don’t touch that infected animal or person!”
Outbreaks and Epidemiology
While it’s primarily endemic to Central Africa like the Democratic Republic of Congo, recent outbreaks in 2024 have occurred in Europe and North America.
It’s like the virus decided to go on a world tour, but nobody bought tickets.
Monkeypox vs. Smallpox
You might wonder, “Is monkeypox just smallpox’s annoying little brother?”
Well, not quite. While they’re related, monkeypox is generally less severe and less contagious than smallpox.
It’s like comparing a house cat to a lion – they’re in the same family, but one is significantly less likely to eat you.
Myths and Misconceptions
As with any disease that makes headlines, mpox has been the subject of numerous myths and misconceptions.
No, it’s not a new form of COVID-19. No, it’s not only spread by monkeys. And no, it’s not the end of the world.
Impact on Travel and Trade
The emergence of mpox cases in multiple countries has led to some changes in travel advisories and trade regulations.
It’s like playing a global game of “red light, green light,” where the rules keep changing.
Conclusion
In conclusion, monkeypox is a viral disease that, while concerning, is generally less severe than its cousin, smallpox.
Understanding its transmission, symptoms, and prevention measures is key to managing its spread. Stay informed, follow public health guidelines, and remember—don’t panic!
FAQs
- Can I get monkeypox from eating meat?
While the virus can be transmitted through handling or consuming infected animal meat, properly cooked meat is safe to eat. - How long does monkeypox last?
Symptoms typically last for 2-4 weeks, with most people recovering without complications. - Can pets get or spread monkeypox?
While it’s theoretically possible, there have been no reported cases of pets contracting or spreading monkeypox in the current outbreak. - Is monkeypox a sexually transmitted disease?
While monkeypox can spread through close physical contact, including during sexual activity, it is not classified as a sexually transmitted disease. - Can I still get monkeypox if I’ve been vaccinated against smallpox?
While the smallpox vaccine offers significant protection against monkeypox, it’s not 100% effective. However, vaccinated individuals typically experience milder symptoms if infected.
References
About Mpox | Mpox | Poxvirus | CDC
Mpox (monkeypox): background information – GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)
The History of Monkeypox and Poxviruses | Smithsonian (smithsonianmag.com)
